Dental Disease (Periodontal Disease)

Dental Disease (Periodontal Disease)

Species: Dog

Breeds Affected: All Breeds (small breeds and brachycephalic breeds have higher risk of severe periodontal disease)

Periodontal disease is a common condition where plaque and tartar buildup on teeth lead to infection and inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and the structures that support the teeth. Over time this causes periodontal pockets, tooth loosening, and tooth loss. More than 80% of adult dogs have some level of dental disease. It results from lack of dental hygiene; small dogs often are affected earlier/severely due to crowded or misaligned teeth.

• Symptoms of dental disease include bad breath (halitosis) – often the first noticed sign. Owners may see red or bleeding gums
• tartar on teeth
• and difficulty eating or chewing (the dog may drop food or chew on one side). In advanced cases
• there may be loose or missing teeth and pain (the dog resists mouth handling). Pus or blood might be seen in the saliva
• and face swelling or nasal discharge can occur if tooth root abscesses form. Dogs with severe oral pain may be lethargic
• drool excessively
• or paw at their mouth.

Treatment requires a professional dental cleaning under anesthesia to remove plaque/tartar above and below the gumline. Any diseased teeth with advanced periodontitis or abscess are extracted to eliminate pain and infection. After the procedure, the dog is often placed on antibiotics and pain medication for a period to heal the gums. Regular at-home dental care (brushing, dental chews) and periodic cleanings are needed to prevent recurrence. In cases of oral tumors or severe disease, further surgical or medical interventions may be needed, but for standard periodontal disease, scaling and extractions resolve the issue.

Antibiotics (such as clindamycin or doxycycline) are commonly prescribed if there is significant infection or after extractions, to prevent systemic spread of bacteria. Pain relief is important post-dental work: veterinarians often dispense NSAIDs (e.g. carprofen) or opioids for a few days to keep the dog comfortable. Chlorhexidine oral rinses or gels may be used to reduce oral bacteria during healing. For prevention, routine use of enzymatic dental chews, water additives, or brushing with dog-safe toothpaste is recommended.