Canine Influenza (Dog Flu)

Canine Influenza (Dog Flu)

Species: Dog

Breeds Affected: All Breeds (esp. in high-density dog populations)

Canine influenza is a contagious respiratory virus (strains H3N8 and H3N2) that causes “dog flu.” It spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing, barking, or sneezing, and via contaminated objects (bowls, leashes, etc.). Nearly all dogs exposed become infected, but not all show symptoms. The disease is generally self-limiting with low mortality (<10%), but can occasionally lead to pneumonia.

• Many cases are mild
• with symptoms resembling kennel cough: a persistent cough (wet or dry)
• sneezing
• nasal discharge (clear or purulent) and runny eyes. Dogs often have a fever (which can be high in severe cases) and reduced energy or appetite. Severe cases can progress to high fever
• labored or rapid breathing
• and signs of pneumonia (moist cough
• lethargy
• possibly blue-tinged gums). About 20-25% of infected dogs may remain asymptomatic but still shed the virus.

There is no specific cure for dog flu (no antivirals approved), so treatment is largely supportive care. Affected dogs should be rested and kept warm and hydrated; many recover at home with good nursing care. Ensure the dog is eating and drinking – fluid therapy (IV fluids) may be given if dehydration occurs. Dogs with secondary bacterial infections or pneumonia may require antibiotics and sometimes oxygen therapy. Isolation from other dogs is important for at least 2–3 weeks to prevent spread.

Supportive medications are used to relieve symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce fever and malaise. Cough suppressants may be prescribed to ease a persistent cough. If a secondary infection is present (e.g. bacterial pneumonia), antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanate or doxycycline are administered. In severe cases, hospitalization for IV fluids, nebulization, and oxygen support is needed. A vaccine for canine influenza exists and may be recommended in high-risk environments to reduce severity of disease.