Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis

Species: Dog

Breeds Affected: All Breeds (exposure to wildlife or standing water increases risk)

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Leptospira spirochetes. Dogs typically contract it from water or soil contaminated with urine of infected animals (commonly rodents, raccoons, etc.). The bacteria enter through mucous membranes or cuts. It spreads through the bloodstream, potentially causing damage to the kidneys and liver. Without treatment, it can be life-threatening.

• Symptoms vary from mild to severe. Common signs include fever
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• loss of appetite
• and marked lethargy/weakness. Increased thirst and urination are often noted (due to kidney involvement). Dogs may have muscle tenderness or stiffness. In severe cases
• jaundice can occur (yellow gums or eyes) indicating liver failure
• and there may be bleeding tendencies (such as petechiae on gums) due to blood clotting issues. Some dogs develop difficulty breathing if there is lung hemorrhage.

Leptospirosis is treatable with prompt antibiotic therapy. Doxycycline is the most commonly used antibiotic and is typically given for at least 2 weeks to clear the bacteria. Severely ill dogs often require hospitalization for supportive care: intravenous fluids to address dehydration and support kidney function, anti-nausea medications, and sometimes oxygen if there is lung involvement. Support for liver function (nutritional support, liver protectants) may also be provided. Isolation and careful handling are important to prevent spread to humans or other animals (gloves should be used when cleaning urine).

Antibiotic therapy is crucial: doxycycline (5 mg/kg twice daily for 14+ days) is the treatment of choice to eliminate Leptospira from the body. In acute cases, a penicillin-type antibiotic (e.g. ampicillin) may be started first to quickly kill leptospires in the bloodstream, followed by doxycycline to clear renal infections. Supportive meds include antiemetics (like maropitant) for vomiting and pain relievers as needed. In cases of severe leptospiral kidney failure, dialysis might be considered if available. Vaccination against leptospirosis (covering the common strains) can significantly reduce the risk of infection.